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Italy slams door on people hoping to claim citizenship through great-grandparents

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A great-grandparent or even a great-great grandparent from Italy used to be all it took to guarantee Italian citizenship. A surprise decree has now changed all that, making it much harder for those with Italian ancestry to use blood line as a pathway to become Italian.

On March 28, the Italian government tightened regulations for claiming citizenship by jus sanguinis, or descendent blood line, effective immediately. The law will go to parliament to be ratified in 60 days, and some changes could be introduced, but for the moment new applications for citizenship must meet new requirements.

The sudden change affects thousands of people all over the world hoping for or preparing to obtain an Italian passport, which ranks third in the world for visa-free or visa-on-arrival travel, according to the Henley Passport Index, making it one of the most coveted and, until now, easiest to acquire.

Under the new regulations, applicants must have at least one Italian parent or grandparent to apply under jus sanguinis. They must also demonstrate Italian language proficiency, which was previously only needed for naturalization through residency or marriage. The proficiency test is a five-part state exam held several times a year, or a higher level equivalency test for those not living in Italy.

At the moment applicants do not have to be currently living in Italy, but do need to have previously lived in the country for three years to be eligible.

Previously, anyone with an Italian ancestor who was alive after March 17, 1861, when the Kingdom of Italy was created, qualified for citizenship, a process that takes about two years with expenses ranging from the cost of notarizing and translating documents to to thousands of dollars to hire companies to do all the legwork.

That meant that even if one’s parents and grandparents did not obtain citizenship, people could still apply based on a great-grandparent or a generation even further back.

The decree, published in Italy’s official gazette of laws on March 28 is meant to crack down on “abusers” who become Italian as a “novelty” or to ease travel restrictions, according to Italy’s foreign minister Antonio Tajani.

“Being an Italian citizen is a serious matter, the granting of citizenship is a serious matter,” Tajani said Friday. “Unfortunately over the years there have been abuses and requests for citizenship that went a bit beyond the true interest in our country.”

Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Antonio Tajani says previous citizenship rules were open to abuse.

Between 2014 and 2024, the number of Italian citizens residing abroad increased by 40%, from 4.6 million to 6.4 million, mostly in Argentina and Brazil, the foreign ministry said. The Italian consulate in Argentina processed 30,000 applications in 2024, up by 10,000 from the previous year. And in Brazil, consulate officials processed 20,000 requests in 2024, up from 14,000 in 2023, the ministry said.

Most of those people have no direct contact with the country, do not pay taxes in Italy, and do not vote, Tajani said. He added that the reform was necessary because “citizenship cannot be automatic for those who have an ancestor who emigrated centuries ago, without any cultural or linguistic ties to the country.”

Italy does not allow citizenship based on jus soli or birthright, meaning even people born in Italy are not automatically granted citizenship and must instead wait 18 years to apply and prove that they lived legally in the country for 10 of those.

The new regulation does not impact any of the 60,000 applications currently pending in consulates across the world, but it does impact how those who do qualify for citizenship apply in the future.

Consulates will no longer process applications, which will be centralized and processed online via the national government in Italy, and which will require an in-person interview. Consulates around the world have cancelled many blood line citizenship appointments scheduled after March 28, according to the Foreign Ministry’s office.

Samantha Wilson, CEO of Smart Move Italy, which helps facilitate citizenship applications, says she is telling her clients who are pursuing citizenship by descent not to give up — at least not yet.

“The Tajani Decree has created fear, confusion, and for some, a sense of loss,” she told CNN. “This decree, in our view, is constitutionally weak. It was rushed through as an emergency measure, bypassing the normal democratic process, and we fully expect it to be challenged — by the courts, by the legal community, and by us.”

She says one of her clients who had been planning to move to Italy to apply in person on April 1 has now canceled her trip because of the uncertainty. Another of her clients in her property division just closed on a property in Italy, she says, but now doesn’t want to buy it since she won’t be able to get her Italian citizenship under the new rules. She has already signed contracts and is obligated by law to carry on with the purchase, says Wilson.

Italy has one of the world's most powerful passports.

The law also extends to Italian citizens who were not born in Italy. They can now only pass on citizenship to children born outside of Italy if they have lived in Italy for two consecutive years.

Additionally, Italian citizens with dual nationality will lose their Italian citizenship if they “don’t engage” by paying taxes, voting and renewing their passports and ID cards. That means people who were granted citizenship but don’t ever come to Italy may not be able to keep it, according to the decree as it is currently written.

Those who marry an Italian must live in Italy for at least two years to qualify for citizenship through marriage. And the cost to apply has doubled, from 300 to 600 euros (from $324 to $648).

Italians who were born in Italy, but now live abroad, can still pass their citizenship on to their own children, but must register the birth in Italy.

“For those who are applying through court and are ready, we’re doing everything we can to file their cases before the decree is ratified. That short window could make a difference if transitional provisions are expanded when the law is converted,” Wilson told CNN.

“For those who are not yet ready to file, the only option now is to wait — for Parliament’s decision within the 60-day window, for the Constitutional Court’s hearing in June, and beyond that, for the outcomes of what will likely be years of court challenges. We’ll be filing many of them.”

CNN interviewed one person, who did not want to be named in case it hurts their case, who has just moved to Rome in March in the hope of getting citizenship from a great-grandmother, who moved to South America during World War II.

Under the new regulations, they do not qualify even though their father, who was born in South America, has Italian citizenship. They’re hoping to find a lawyer who can act as a guide through the complicated process. “I have all the paperwork, everything translated, notarized, and ready for my appointment in mid-April,” they told CNN. “If they don’t cancel it, I will have a chance, but I feel like I’ve made the worst mistake of my life.”

CNN also reached an American family of seven en route to Italy aboard a cruise ship to pursue citizenship based on a great-grandparent who emigrated to the US but never became a US citizen.

The family, which includes teenagers and young adults, signed a long-term lease to establish residency and have booked appointments with the local community in Italy to apply for permits to stay based on their quest for citizenship — requirements for applying for citizenship prior to March 28.

They also say they spent tens of thousands of dollars to translate and notarize all the documents relating to the great grandfather. Now, under the new regulations, they no longer qualify and have no idea what obstacles they will face once they arrive since everything they plan to do is based on requirements no longer recognized.

“We were following Italian law, and we were following the procedures at the Italian government and uprooted our whole lives to move to Italy under the laws at the time when we got on the ship March 23,” they told CNN. “Making this change with no notice at all has stranded a bunch of families in Italy who now don’t have a legal standing and has essentially made us homeless in the middle of the Atlantic on a cruise ship.”

Salvatore Livreri, an Italian who works as an orthodontist in South Carolina, told CNN that he feels the new law isn’t carefully thought out.

“This not only crushes the dreams of the children of the Italian diaspora who seek recognition of citizenship in order to return to their ancestral homeland, but also strips the rights of citizens such as myself who have children abroad to transmit my Italian citizenship to them,” he told CNN after posting his thoughts on an online community for Italian citizens abroad.

“It creates a two-tier caste system whereby some citizens can transmit their citizenship to their children, but second-class citizens like myself cannot do so. For generations, Italian culture has endured because of the strength of family ties. These ties are in the blood. Italians have always known this.”



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Netanyahu jets to Orbán’s Hungary, a safe haven from his international arrest warrant

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Once upon a time, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu strode the world with great confidence. His message for audiences back home, after another successful trip to Africa or Asia, would focus on how his hosts wanted Israel’s technology and admired its security.

It is very different these days.

Since the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued a warrant for his arrest in November over allegations of possible war crimes in Gaza, Netanyahu hasn’t visited a country under the court’s jurisdiction. That is, until Wednesday, when he landed in Budapest for a four-day visit.

“Welcome to Budapest, Israel PM, Benjamin Netanyahu!” Hungary’s defense minister Kristof Szalay-Bobrovniczky wrote in a post on Facebook alongside photos of the pair meeting at the airport.

The Hungarian capital is safe ground for the Israeli leader and home to one of his biggest international pals, Viktor Orbán.

Hungary’s premier was among the first to condemn the ICC announcement, in which the court said it had “reasonable grounds” to believe Netanyahu bore criminal responsibility for war crimes including “starvation as a method of warfare.”

“Brazen, cynical and completely unacceptable,” Orbán countered, adding that his friend’s freedom would be guaranteed when he next wished to visit.

Should it indeed fail to enforce the ICC decision, Hungary will be in breach of its obligations under the Rome Statute, which established the court in 2002. But it seems clear Netanyahu is not concerned he may be met by police when he lands at Budapest’s Ferenc Liszt airport.

And he is not a man given to taking chances. When he flew to the United States in February, his plane flew a longer route than necessary, passing close to a series of US air bases in Europe. The 75-year-old has had health issues and there were concerns over whether some countries would be safe if his plane were forced to make an emergency landing. The US – like Israel and several other countries such as Russia and China – has not signed up to the court.

The Budapest visit is expected to see the Israeli leader tour the city’s Holocaust Museum, in addition to various political meetings. But the schedule is also noticeably empty toward the backend of the trip. And while this coincides with Shabbat – which Netanyahu is seen as observing for pragmatic, if not religious, reasons – some in Israel have expressed surprise the prime minister has not opted to return home on Friday before it begins, especially given the Israeli army’s renewed offensive inside Gaza.

Given the restrictions on his travel options, it may be that the Israeli leader has other meetings planned with foreign emissaries during his time in Budapest. For sure, as a safe third country, Hungary offers a now-rare opportunity for Netanyahu to pursue more sensitive initiatives face-to-face.

An Israeli National flag is raised in Budapest, with the Buda Castle seen in the background, as preparations are underway for Netanyahu's visit on Wednesday.

Whatever his diary might look like, the trip is a golden opportunity for Netanyahu to make a point about the ICC and show that he can still function as a normal prime minister, Yair Zivan, long-time foreign policy aide to Israeli opposition leader Yair Lapid, and editor of a book “The Centre Must Hold,” told CNN.

Zivan, in common with the overwhelming majority of Israelis, regardless of what they think of Netanyahu, is highly critical of the arrest warrant, arguing that it serves as a reward for Hamas terrorism. But he articulates the dilemma felt by many of his countrymen and women when they see Israel’s leader in the happy embrace of autocracy.

“We obviously appreciate the support that we get, especially when too many people have turned their backs on us in the last 18 months. But the decision to align yourself with a values-based relationship, with people who are, like Netanyahu, trying to undermine liberal democracy, trying to undermine the basic checks and balances that allow democracy to function, is a deeply troubling one for us and for the world,” he said.

Netanyahu and Orbán have been pursuing attacks on their respective countries’ judiciary and media for many years. In Israel, popular protests against the country’s most right-wing government ever have stepped up again, given new impetus by growing opposition to a resumption of the war in Gaza at the expense of securing the release of the remaining hostages held in the territory.

In Hungary, too, there is a burgeoning sense that Orbán, for the first time in more than a decade, is facing a serious challenge to his rule. Elections are not due for a year, but the opposition, in Péter Magyar, appears to have found a leader able to tap into popular discontent on issues like falling standards in schools and hospitals.

So, for Orbán, as well, the visit of Netanyahu offers the chance to get back to basics and exploit a certain inferiority complex among Hungarians, Márton Gergely, editor of independent news weekly HVG, told CNN.

“Orbán is serving the country’s national pride by showing that he is bigger than the stage Hungary by itself grants him. To do that, he actively looks for provocative possibilities, like inviting Xi Jinping to Budapest, and meeting with Vladimir Putin despite the war in Ukraine,” he says. Thumbing his nose at the ICC by welcoming Netanyahu is an opportunity too good to miss.

The visit, then, offers the two men something of a respite from the challenges both see as paramount. Namely, holding on to power. And while the interests of international law look unlikely to be served over the next four days, the trip, by virtue of its singularity, acts as a reminder of the new international constraints under which Israel’s leader now operates.



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Footprints show giant carnivorous dinosaurs and their plant-eating prey drank from same Scottish watering hole

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Tyrannosaurus rex ancestors and their plant-eating dinosaur prey would have congregated to drink water from a lagoon in what is now Scotland, new research suggests.

Despite the fact that the carnivorous megalosaurs would have hunted the long-necked sauropods 167 million years ago, newly identified footprints show that both types of dinosaur would have milled around the edge of the lagoon, much like how modern-day animals congregate at watering holes, researchers from the University of Edinburgh say.

Lead study author Tone Blakesley, a Masters graduate at the Scottish university, told CNN that he was among a small group that recognized an initial three footprints at the remote site on the Isle of Skye’s Trotternish Peninsula in 2019.

The footprints are preserved in

“It was very exciting,” said Blakesley, who went on to document a total 131 footprints for the study, using a drone to take thousands of overlapping images of the site before producing digital 3D models of the footprints using specialist software.

Because of their flatness, the footprints had previously been mistaken for fish resting burrows. Blakesley explained that this was due to the fact that there would have only been a thin layer of sand on top of a much harder layer of mud, leaving only a shallow indentation.

They are preserved in “exquisite detail,” he added.

The footprints were made 167 million years ago, during the Middle Jurassic period, an important time in dinosaur evolution, but little rock remains from the era, Blakesley said.

As a result, the site in northern Scotland provides invaluable insights into the life of dinosaurs at the time.

In stark contrast to the generally cold and blustery weather on Skye today, the area would have had a warm and humid subtropical climate during the Middle Jurassic, with a series of lagoons on a huge river estuary, Blakesley said.

The sauropods were “big lumbering giants which would have plodded along,” said Blakesley, who used the spacing of the footprints to estimate that they would have moved at speeds of around 2.5 kilometers per hour (1.55 miles per hour), around half the average human walking speed.

They would have used their long necks to feed from the top of conifers and other trees, he added.

The “jeep-sized” megalosaurs, which are a kind of theropod, would have moved around the lagoon on their way from one area of vegetation to another — in search of prey or to seek shelter and rest — traveling much faster, at around 8 kilometers per hour (5 miles per hour), he said.

“It would have been quite a surreal place to stand in,” Blakesley said.

But while the dinosaurs would have been in the area at around the same time, the footprints do not demonstrate any evidence that they interacted by the lagoon, and it is unlikely that they would have been side by side.

“That would be a disaster for the sauropods if that happened,” he said. “The temptation for lunch… would have been too much for the theropods.”

Blakesley continues to work at the site and discovered more dinosaur footprints on Tuesday, he told CNN.

“There’s more footprints to find,” he said, adding that he is also investigating other dinosaur track sites on Skye as well as in the south of England.

The study was published Wednesday in the journal PLOS One.



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Live updates: Trump announces sweeping new tariffs on imports on ‘Liberation Day’

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New vehicles are parked on the pier at the Mercedes Benz Vehicle Preparation Center in Baltimore, Maryland, on March 31.

The auto tariffs set to take effect on foreign cars tomorrow could raise the price of some imported cars by up to $20,000, according to new analysis by Michigan think-tank Anderson Economic Group, or AEG.

Cars that are fully imported will see the highest price hikes, anywhere from $8,000-$20,000. That includes brands like Audi, BMW, Jaguar-Land Rover, Mercedes, Genesis, and Lexus. AEG expects cost increases could hit in-demand models within a month.

The imported vehicles highest on the tariff impact list: Full-size SUVs, luxury models, and electric vehicles.

If the Trump administration eventually rolls out tariffs on auto part imports, as it has promised, that will also raise the cost for cars assembled in the US but with parts from Canada, Mexico, and Europe. That’s every car built in the US, as every domestic vehicle contains imported parts.

That includes large SUVs, such as the Chevrolet Suburban, GMC Yukon, Cadillac Escalade, which will cost $10,000-$12,000 more. Mid-sized SUV’s and pickup trucks could see hikes of $5,000-8,500. Some EV’s could see price increases of $15,000.

Even cars assembled in the US but with a low share of foreign parts could see price hikes of at least $2,500.

AEG predicts the tariffs will cost consumers $30 billion in the first year. And while the group expects manufacturers to absorb the tariff cost for the first year, they say eventually it will shift cost entirely to the consumer.

“If you are in the market for a new car and you find one you like, my advice is to buy it right away. If you have a used car you rely upon, my advice is to make sure it is well maintained as you are likely to use it for a while longer than you had earlier planned,” said Patrick L. Anderson, the CEO of Anderson Economic Group.



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